Writing Instruments That Evolved Into A Process - 1189 Words

Dturing English-122, I adapted several writing instruments that evolved into a process, in turn, I used this to compose my first and final drafts of my narrative and persuasive essays. Originating the term, I had a fear and deep resentment for writing; however, in week three, I finally attained a point where I began to enjoy the writing process. When I look back over the last eight weeks, I use three things that improved my writing, specifically, a process-style chart, transitional-phrases, and the proper way of revising my assignment for this course that improved my writing and will benefit future classes. First, process-style chart (MindEdge 5.01), profoundly improved the speed, organization, and quality of my composition. I merely transferred the process of module five, Refining the Order of Your Ideas (#2 MindEdge 5.01), to index cards; thus, allowing reorganization or removal of topics, subtopics, and details by simply moving an index card. Exerted from My Experiences With Writing, Then, I noticed that at the end she commented on what I did well, In turn, making the mistakes seem like something I should just work on. SNHU-107 has helped me shed that unpleasant experience and write slightly better papers with a more focused and consistent Batson 2Show MoreRelatedThe Electrocardiograph. Modern Day Cardiology Traces Its1604 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, this apparatus became one of the most influential technologies in clinical medicine and an invaluable tool for many physicians. John Burnett of the London Science Museum, considered the electrocardiograph as â€Å"the most sophisticated scientific instrument in existence when it was first invented† (Burnett 74). It provided a new understanding of the human heart and its diseases and significantly changed the landscape of health care. 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Developments and Training Free Essays

In the world we are living in organizations are faced with risks and threats due to introduction of technology and thus for organizations to succeed in their operations they need to train their employees so that they can overcome these risks and threats. Training involves using an experienced person to inform, teach and to convey information to the audience so that they can acquire the necessary skills and knowledge that would enable them to perform their effectively in their organizations. If people in the organizations are trained they become satisfied with the work that they are doing and this improves their morale. We will write a custom essay sample on Developments and Training or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the effective training employees can not leave their organizations because training it enables them to have the relevant skills and knowledge needed to perform their activities effectively. The image of the company can improved when the training is conducted because the employees in the organization become motivated and they enable them to talk about the positive side of the company. When an organization conducts training it enables it to develop strategies that can help the organization to achieve its objectives since training enables one to acquire new ideas of running and managing the operations of a company. It also helps a company to manage its finance effectively since training ensures that the management determine the issues that are cost effective thus it reduces the expenses of the company. In case of a public company which is a business organization, it is owned by the shareholders who contribute money known as capital. This capital is used to finance the operations of the business and incase the organizations may lack some funds to run their businesses they can borrow funds from the commercial banks and International bodies such as International Monetary Funds and the World Bank. The company is usually run by people known as the directors they ensure that the operations of the company are run effectively, incase the companies receive profits at the end of their financial periods they can distribute the profits in form of dividends to the shareholders and in other cases their can retain some of their money in reserves so that they can be able to do other business affairs such as expanding the company to meet the needs of the customers of the company. http://www.businessballs. com/training program evaluation.html In companies there are many people who are employed, some of whom may be recruited directly from college and thus may lack the necessary experience to run the affairs of the company, others may have the experience to run the company but may lack relevant experience to run the affairs of the company thus there is a need to train all its employees so that they can gain the relevant experience that is required to run the company’s affairs effectively. The company can develop in house training program this program is usually designed to suit the needs of the company’s its allows the employees to train and develop their skills without moving from their working environment thus it saves on time and money since the employees don’t need to travel from one place to the place in order for them to acquire the knowledge and skills of running the company successfully. This training program is designed to train employees of a manufacturing company that produces horticultural products . The Company has more than one hundred employees who are trained on how to handle the product carefully because they are manufactured for export purposes and thus safety precautions must be taken because the products are manufactured using poisonous chemicals since act as preservatives and enable the product to last for a longer period of time without getting spoilt. The Coastal Recursor Humanos is a communications computer company that sells the leading safety training videos ,cd-roms,interactive safety training programs ,safety handbooks,trairning toolkits and safety posters thus the horticultural company can access this facilities so that it can effectively train its customers on how to handle this products. The company can identify its training needs by obtaining information from the employees of the company about problems that they experience in the company such as poor working environment that can affect the performance of the employees for example if there is inadequate working area for the employees to work on or if the employees may be under paid or over worked this can affect their performance thus the in-house training program can enable the management to address the problems of the employees of the company and they can thus take the necessary measures to rectify the problems of the company . A training need of the can be identified through looking at the position of the economy, if the economy of the country is performing well then the management need to train their employees frequently so that they can be able to cater for the demands of the customers . When the economy is performing properly the circulation of money is usually high and this leads to high demand for goods and services thus the need for the management train to it employees on how to handle the employees , but if the economy of the company is not performing properly the training program activities of the company can be reduced due to lack of the necessary resources to develop the program since for the program to run effectively it needs money to purchase the training videos ,training tool kits and the training safety posters from the Coastal Recursors Humanos communications company and money to hire the trainers is required to cater for their wages and salaries http://www. businessballls. com/freeonlineresources. htm . The management of the company can develop its program by establishing the training mediums that can ensure that it achieves its objectives this include internal mediums the company can access the information about improving the operations of the business by consulting the employees themselves, they can give the management the reasons why they are not performing and thus identify the problems in the organization thus a good program can be developed and structured to meet the needs of the employees in their workplaces . The management can acquire information from other parties who are not employees of the company to gather information about the policies that need to be implemented so that the company can run it activities effectively thus this can sharpen the companies effectiveness and can help improve its performance. The training materials that can be used by the management of the company are templates, samples, resources such as articles, tools and diagrams they can provide information to help the company employees understand its operations they contain detailed information about the structure roles and responsibilities of the employees this act as a guide of how the company has been designed and thus it makes it ease for them understand the activities of the company. http://wwbusinessballs. com/workshops. htm The training materials can be created by the experts of the programs they can do this by determining the needs of the company that need to be addressed . They need to outline the skills that they intend to teach . The skills need to be divided into groups and then into steps so that the necessary time can be allocated to the tasks that need to be urgently addressed. Once the steps have been prepared and all the necessary information that needs to be tackled by the experts of the programs they should design the presentation perfectly so that all the relevant information that needs to be conveyed to the employees is done effectively. http://wwbusinessballs. com/workshops. htm The management of the company can deliver its training through workshops that entail team building, communications, motivation, and planning these can empower the employees of the company to work more effectively since it enables them to acquire the necessary information that is needed to run the affairs of the company effectively. Training can be delivered through conducting in-house training, by creating a tailored course and by recognizing informal training this helps the company to reduce its expenses, helps the management to deliver its information to the employees effectively and reduces wastage of time and money since the information that needs to be conveyed is always within the reach of the employees of the company. The effectiveness of a in house training program can be evaluated by the top management who ensure that training program is carried out effectively. They also ensure that training plans are properly documented so that they can give the management the direction of conducting their business. There are evaluation materials that a company can use so that it can determine how it performs its activities these are end –of- program validation method, feedback process and follow-up instruments they determine what the employees have learnt in their in house training programs ,they give the employees time to reflect on the all that they have learnt and also enables them to apply all that they have learnt during the training section . The evaluation questionnaires can be used to evaluate whether the objectives of the company have been applied. The employees of the company need to prepare action plans so that they evaluate whether they have understood all that they have been taught in the in- house training program, incase they have not applied the necessary techniques of carrying out their activities then they can take the necessary measures to implement them. The in-house training program for the company can be sustained through establishing long-term goals and then implementing the goals of the company so that there can be consistency in carrying out the activities of the company. The management should be involved in the development of the program since they can ensure that all the necessary information that needs to addressed is followed and finally implemented The goals of the company can be sustained if the companies results show some improvement, if the results of the company don’t improve then the management can either rectify the program or they can develop another programs that can suit the needs of the company. An in-house training program can be enforced by the managements company through ensuring that all employees who don’t comply with the rules and regulations of the company are dealt with accordingly such as they may be punished so that they can comply with the rules and the regulations of the company. The in house training programs can bring high performance to the company because if the management of the company addresses the problems that have been identified by the management and the employees of the organization then the company can operate successfully. If in the in- house training program the trainer is able to identify the unique potentials of the employees and then be able to illustrate how the employees would be assigned with tasks they are familiar so that they can perform effectively then this can be a good sign that the in-house program is effective. How to cite Developments and Training, Papers

Ethical decision making models that may help an accountant Essay Example For Students

Ethical decision making models that may help an accountant Essay Bsc. PROFESSIONAL Accounting The Accountant in Business and Society Coursework 1 SNR: 1036914 August 2014 Outline1 Table of Contentss2 a ) Ethical determination devising theoretical accounts that may assist an comptroller to take part in determination devising in an ethical manner and pull off ethical quandary.3 Philosophic attacks4 Teleology5 Deontology6 Virtue Ethical motives7 Practical determination devising attacks8 Tucker s five inquiry attack9 Pastin Approach10 vitamin D ) A impression that comptrollers should move in an ethical manner and if their behavior and determination devising should be influenced by moralss and moral codifications or self involvement position.11 Appendix 312 Bibliography Table of Contentss Ethical determination devising theoretical accounts that may assist an comptroller to take part in determination devising in an ethical manner and pull off ethical quandary. Philosophic attacks Teleology Deontology Virtue Ethical motives Traditional determination devising attacks Tucker s five inquiry ethical determination devising attack Modified moral criterions attack Modified Pastin Approach Contrast regulation based and rule based attack to criterions and ordinances Situations in which comptrollers are expected to move in the public involvement and abide by their professional criterions environment. A impression that comptrollers should move in an ethical manner and if their behavior and determination devising should be influenced by moralss and moral codifications or self involvement position. Appendixs: Bibliography a ) Ethical determination devising theoretical accounts that may assist an comptroller to take part in determination devising in an ethical manner and pull off ethical quandary. Ethical determination doing model advocators for professional comptrollers to use ethical rules and determination devising theoretical accounts while doing determinations. This safeguards the corporations ethical values, stakeholders involvements and strengthens corporate administration and mitigates hazards while disputing unethical determinations. Accountants determinations should include both philosophical and practical attacks, integrating stakeholder impact analysis. Beginning: Brooks and Dunn, 2012. Philosophic attacks Teleology Harmonizing to this attack accountants ethical determination devising is based on effects. The result is right if it incorporates hazards and benefits of bulk stakeholders involvements and ignores the moral behavior. Concentrating on the results to increase gross might take to unethical determination devising. ( Brooks and Dunn, 2012 ) . Deontology Harmonizing to Immanuel Kant on Deontology logical thinking, comptrollers cognizing the moral purpose will find the actions to be taken during determination devising. Accountants are guided by codification of moralss and act objectively in their determination doing having fiducial responsibility, equity and justness to single and avoid struggle of involvement like was in the instance of Sears Auto Center. Directors sold unneeded services to clients by pull stringsing the company s net incomes in order to increase the portion monetary value that boosted their stock addition instead than move in the best involvement of stakeholders ( Brooks and Dunn, 2012 ) . Virtue Ethical motives Aristotle, through virtuousness moralss approach focused on moral unity in determination devising. Accountants should exhibit unity and prudence in their work by supplying independent opinions in their determination devising and be loyal to their stakeholders. The combination of individual s independency and good structured company nucleus values meets the stakeholders outlooks. When Apple CEO reduced the monetary value of iPhone from $ 599 to $ 200 after two months of establishing it was criticised. Harmonizing to teleology, the result was right since the satisfied clients outweighed the disgruntled. Harmonizing to deontology, Apple needed to pay discounts since they were cognizant of the moral purpose of bear downing high monetary value. Virtue moralss argued that the CEO s unity by offering discounts and apologies was compromised contrary to Apple s nucleus value of run intoing stakeholders outlooks ( Brooks and Dunn, 2012 ) . Practical determination devising attacks Tucker s five inquiry attack It is an ethical analysis tool that tests the proposed determinations to guarantee they are right utilizing five inquiries ; is it profitable, legal, just, right or sustainable. Accountants should implement this attack and challenge administrations actions and determination devising proposals to guarantee they run into stakeholders outlooks. If Apple comptrollers had used Tucker s attack they could hold challenged the CEO s determination devising on cut downing the cost of their iphone to integrate stakeholders involvements. This could hold prevented ailments from unsated clients and maintained Apple s nucleus values ( Appendix 1 ) . Moral criterions attack ( Velasquez ) Velasquez focused on four stakeholders involvements to be met before an ethical determination was made. Beginning: Brooks and Dunn, 2012 Harmonizing to this attack comptrollers should see stakeholders involvements every bit good as company profitableness in their determination devising. The determination is deemed ethical if it benefits the society, it is just and right to stakeholders and meets their outlooks. ( appendix 2 ) . Recent corporate dirts reflected deficiency of stakeholders accountability in their determination devising, instead they were based on self involvement facilitated by bureaucratism, authorization, greed, bullying and net incomes. Enron s prostration reflected deficiency of objectiveness and struggle of involvement in determination devising by comptrollers. This attack relates to Mendelow matrix that explains the ranking of stakeholders harmonizing to each power and involvement in the administration scheme ( Appendix 3 ) . Pastin Approach Pastin suggested that the proposed determinations be compared to the company s land regulation moralss. By analyzing past determinations comptrollers can understand the administration s values and avoid misdemeanor of cardinal rules, sing the facet of terminal point moralss on how to mensurate the impact of proposed determination to avoid booby traps. This will enable comptrollers to integrate moralss in determination devising and so set up an ethical administration civilization to run into its aims and fiducial responsibilities of stakeholders. Confucianism and ancient Chinese society: A closer EssayAccountants are faced with ethical quandary of self involvement and moral values while doing determination opinion to safeguard stakeholders involvements. Kohlberg came up with six phases of motive that influence people in moral logical thinking ( Appendix 6 ) . Pre-conventional degree Accountants determination devising should be governed by codifications of moralss non be motivated by penalty or wagess. Unethical corporate wages system might actuate comptroller to move unethically and manipulate figures to accomplish their marks and acquire their wages but this might be against stakeholders involvement. Accountants moral purpose should non be motivated by personal addition instead a moral behavior facilitated by professional competency and accomplishments should be applied. This will avoid struggle of involvement and cut down corporation hazards while run intoing stakeholders outlooks and disputing unethical corporate behaviors that might travel unpunished. Accountants should non merely concentrate their determinations on legalities to avoid penalty, but should guarantee that society involvements are non lagged behind by the Torahs. Use of rules codifications of moralss give the comptrollers flexibleness to exert their opinion in determination devising and dispute bad patterns. If use of WorldCom accounting by Ebber was challenged, investors returns could hold been protected. Conventional degree Accountants should non be influenced by unethical corporate civilization, deficient corporate values, group norms and unrealistic schemes while doing determinations. They should move morally and diligently to safeguard stockholders wealth from unjust trades owing fiducial responsibility. Enron comptrollers did non dispute the hazardous concern operations of O.K.ing the fiscal manager private fund investing. This reflected deficiency of independent opinion to observe ethical menaces and safe guard stakeholders wealth taking to prostration of the company. An unethical pattern might be deemed ethical in a corporate group and an comptroller should utilize professional opinion in determination devising to guarantee group involvement does non outweigh public involvement. Post-conventional degree Kohlberg stated that persons should be able to develop independent determinations based on rights and rules and that comptrollers should accept legal duty for determinations they make. Accountants should move morally and reasonably, integrating stakeholders group involvements and powers while doing determinations to avoid disregarding the least stakeholders. Accountants should move with unity and honestness in their determination devising and avoid giving incorrect information to hike gross revenues. Acting morally and stating the truth will be run intoing expected moral virtuousnesss. Accountants should be able to interrupt bad jurisprudence and accept penalty every bit long as he can warrant he acted in the best involvement of the society. WorldCom comptrollers could hold challenged subscribing for unethical trades utilizing their opinion and face dismissal which they could hold sought legal power or whistle blowing in populace s best involvement. Professional comptrollers need to hold accomplishments and be doubting in fixing fiscal statements to guarantee conformity with IFRS. ( Brooks and Dunn, 2012 ) . Appendixs: Appendix 1 Tucker s five inquiry ethical determination devising attack Is itprofitableto the stockholders? Apple direction demand to maximise stockholders wealth Is itlegalto the full society? Price skimming is a legal pricing scheme for launched advanced merchandises and no breach of consumer protection. Is itcarnivalto all? could impact Apple s repute if deemed unethical Is itrightto all? Not to the people who complained is itenvironment sustainable? ? presently non applicable Appendix 2 Beginning: Brooks and Dunn, 2012 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Kohlberg six phases Degrees Phases Social orientation Pre conventional 1 Reward or penalty Individuality and societal exchange 2 Conventional 3 Interpersonal relationship Law and responsibility 4 Post-conventional 5 Social contracts Cosmopolitan rules. 6 Mentions ACCA. ( 2008 ) .Ethical determination making.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.accaglobal.com/pubs/students/publications/student_accountant/archive/sa_mar08_campbell.pdf. Last accessed 19/07/2014. Brooks, cubic decimeter Dunn, P ( 2012 ) .Business and Professional Ethical motives. Canada: Nelson instruction. Gray, R, Owen, D and Adams C ( 1996 ) . Accounting and AccountabilityPrentice Hall, London. ICAEW. ( 2012 ) .Acting in public involvement.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/~/media/Files/Technical/Ethics/public-int-rep-web.pdf. Last accessed 7/07/2014. ICAEW. ( 2012 ) .Public involvement.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/en/technical/ethics/the-public-interest. Last accessed 22/07/2014. ICAEW. ( 2014 ) .code of ethics.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/en. Last accessed 12/07/2014. ICAEW. ( 2014 ) .Rule based versus rule based attack.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/en/technical/ethics/practice-business-ethics/general-ethics/principles-versus-rules-debate. Last accessed 26/07/2014. IFAC. ( 2005 ) .codification of moralss.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifac.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/ifac-code-of-ethics-for.pdf. Last accessed 12/07/2014. IFAC. ( 2014 ) .Public interest.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifac.org/publications-resources/definition-public-interest. Last accessed 22/07/2014. Solomon, J ( 2010 ) .Corporate Governance and answerability. 3rd erectile dysfunction. United kingdom: John Wiley A ; boies ltd. You tube. ( 2014 ) .Business moralss.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=3TFIg3yy9vI. Last accessed 15/07/2014 You tube. ( 2014 ) .Ethical determination devising.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //youtu.be/nKN0lcTPaPU. Last accessed 16/06/2014. Bibliography CIMA. ( 2014 ) .Ethical quandary.Available: H hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/Professional moralss docs/code FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 16/06/2014 Crane, A. A ; Matten, D. ( 2003 ) . Business Ethical motivesOxford: Oxford University Press. Gray, R, Owen, D and Adams C ( 1996 ) . Accounting and AccountabilityPrentice Hall, London. IFRS. ( 2014 ) .INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING.Available: IASB, ( 2011a ) , Conceptual Framework, International Financial Reporting Standards 2011, IASCF, London. Last accessed 20/07/2014. Monks, A. G. and Minow, N Corporate AdministrationThird edition. Malden MA: Blackwell. Solomon, J ( 2006 ) . Corporate Administration and AccountabilityChichester: John Wiley and Sons. You tube. ( 2014 ) .Ethical motives.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=SBvyw2cXiBc A ; feature=youtu.be. Last accessed 17/07/2014.

Macbeth - Character Changes Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth - Character Changes "This dead butcher and his fiend like queen", is the way in which Malcolm describes Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Describe the way in which these two characters changed during the course of the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted from the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeth's ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeth's character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth and how she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realises what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife of Macbeth's but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Macbeth is a little ambitious at first, but Lady Macbeth's far exceeds his and so she is able to get Macbeth to agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over comes him. He has a conscience throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of Banquo and his vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident in his terrible dreams which gives the solid theme that he has in deed "murdered sleep". Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play, from killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that Macbeth takes to secure himself. Macbeth is also very superstitious and this is shown when he believes the prophecy the witches told him that Banquo's offspring would become Kings. Towards the end of the play when Macbeth's wife has died and the battle is drawing closer Macbeth shows some good which may have been. He wishes for a normal life for which he would have lived to an honourable age but he recognises that he has denied himself of this. Even when Macbeth hears that the prophecy has become true of Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he rejects this idea and fights on until he realises that Macduff wasn't born in a natural birth but instead was "Untimely ripped" from his mother's womb. When Macbeth hears of this he realises what he has done and how he has been tricked by the witches but instead he realises that it is useless and so he fights on only to be slain. Macbeth can be summarised into a character although strong physically he is very weak mentally and it is this weakness which causes the downfall and change of Macbeth. Other factors do however also contribute to this change such as his wife whose ambition is very strong at first and is much more stronger mentally than Macbeth but it is also Macbeth's ambition and his trust in the witches which ultimately change him. Lady Macbeth seems to be almost opposite compared to that of Macbeth in physical and mental power. Lady Macbeth is the person who is able to persuade Macbeth into killing Duncan, assuring Macbeth that it will succeed, as Lady Macbeth's ambition is far greater than that of Macbeth. This change in the character of Lady Macbeth is apparent after she reads the letter from Macbeth as she goes and talks to the evil spirits to

Heart Of Darkness Essays - Fiction, Literature, Congo Free State

Heart Of Darkness Essays - Fiction, Literature, Congo Free State Heart Of Darkness The contrast between Kurtz's intended and black mistress The Heart of Darkness is a story about a man telling a tale of an adventure that he had on the Congo River. During this adventure he meets a guy named Kurtz. Kurtz was congregating with a tribe of people who worshiped him and did what ever he told them to do. Kurtz was a very special person in the way he influenced the feelings of two very different, but somewhat similar women. Among this tribe of savages was a woman that was said to have been Kurtz's mistress. Back home he had a woman who he was supposed to marry. Kurtz's black mistress and intended were two very different people, from different places, who shared the same devotion towards him even though there were many obstacles in the way of their love. Kurtz's intended was from the city and was well off with money. Kurtz's black mistress was in a tribe of savages in Africa. She to was well off in her possessions. You could tell she was well off or important in the things she wore and the way that Marlow described the way she carried herself and the way the other members of the tribe watched what ever she did. In the city the intended's family labeled Kurtz as being not good enough. Marlow says that it was because, he was not rich enough or something. (p.249) This is ironic because his black mistress' tribe or family treats him like a god. Both women felt the same undying devotion to Kurtz. When Kurtz was being taken away by Marlow on his ship the tribe came running and hollering trying to get him back. The woman even entered the water with her arms stretched towards the boat. Marlow blew the whistle to scare away the tribe. This worked and even made the ones closest to the shore fall down flat on their face as if they were dead. The whistle did nothing to the woman and she remained in the water with her arms out. The whistle did not scare the woman like it did the rest of the tribe because she was devoted to Kurtz and wanted to be with him. Kurtz intended shared the same devotion towards him as the black tribal woman did. Marlow went to see her, a year after the death of Kurtz, and she was still in mourning. The woman accepted Marlow into her home because he was a friend of Kurtz. She was glad he had visited, so she would have someone to talk to about him. She talked of how she loved him and of how he needed her. They talked of when he died and she got upset. She said, And I was not with him.(p.251) She said she would have treasured everything he did and said. Marlow tells her that he was with him till the end and that he heard his last words. She wanted to know what they were and said, Repeat themI want-I want-something-something-to-to live with.(p.251) She says this so Marlow will tell her his last words. He tells her that his last words were her name. This makes her feel good and at the same time makes her weep in her hands. Kurtz played an important role in the lives of both women and had a tremendous impact on the way they loved him. Both women were very different and at the same time very similar in the way they loved Kurtz. Both went through very tramadic experiences to show their undying love for him.

Business Entrepreneurial Rhetoric

Apple Inc is considered as the most popular technological panies globally. The iPhone is one of the primary products of the pany which has over 42 million users globally (Bonk, Celine). There is huge demand for this product and the brand has a dedicated base of loyal customers. The phenomenal success of this brand is dependent on several factors including the business model. A parison is being done with the existing market research and the article presented by Yuan and Langesen named â€Å"What factors contributed to the success of Apple iPhone?† This report would discuss the various factors that have led Apple iPhone to be one of the market leaders. It describes the innovative approaches adopted by the pany. The article by Yufei Yuan and John Laugesen gives an in-depth analysis of the success factors of iPhone (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). It has focused on the â€Å"user acceptance† aspect of the success factors. This implies that the pany is able to understand the customer preferences. Apple has successfully identified the needs of the target market and fulfilled their expectations based on culture, demographics and behavioral aspects (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). It has also paid attention to the environmental factors such as â€Å"mobile data services† that are essential for iPhone (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). The article has proposed an innovative success model and almost all the factors are being tapped by Apple. The first group of factors deals with consumer factors such as demographics, user preferences and culture. The brand targeted the young population who are technology savvy and demonstrated high dependency on smartphones (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yua n). The brand also focuses on the user preferences such as entertainment services and designed its products accordingly. The pany tries to satisfy the cultural niches through the utilization of content as well as software (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). The second group of factors deals with the corporate factors such as business model, technology, marketing, branding, content providers and network operators. Apple has business models which are based on its core petence (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). It has adopted the â€Å"device centric† business approach which is considered as one of the most important factor for the brand’s success (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). The pany also engages in extensive marketing tactics and provides customization of their products based on the customer needs. It maintains control through distribution and content access (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). The pany depends on the third parties for the development of application and their content. It aims to increase the value chain by improving the core petencies of the firm. The third group of factors prises of the environmental factors such as regulatory norms and the infrastructure. The pany has focused on the regulatory aspects required during the launch of the services as well as products (Laugesen, John and Yufei Yuan). The pany believes that it is important to coordinate well with the regulatory authorities so that there is smooth launch of the iPhone. Apple has focused on the improvement of the infrastructure of the different countries. It has focused on enhancing the user experience and has tapped the current technologies available in the mobile industry. According to Davila et al., Apple has focused heavily on the innovative aspects of their products. It has created innovative product lines such as iPod, iTunes, iPhone, Apple Stores and App Exchange. The innovative product has helped the pany to retain its topmost position in the market. This is the primary reason behind the extreme popularity of the brand. The second important reason for the success of iPhone can be attributed to the advertising and the differentiation aspects of the brand (De Mooij, Marieke). It has created innovative advertisements that capture the target markets well. The campaigns involving the â€Å"Super Bowl mercials 1984† and â€Å"iPod People† were popular among the masses (De Mooij, Marieke). The third most important reason is the extensive distribution and retail networks of the pany. It has been established that Apple has one of the largest distribution network in the United States (Homburg et al.). The distribution of the products of the p any is done through retail stores, online stores, direct sales channels and third party resellers (De Mooij, Marieke). This makes the product readily available at all times and the customers can choose their convenient distribution channels. The fourth important factor deals with the customer service (Bone et al.). Apple strives to provide excellent in store experiences as well as after sales service. It strives to enhance the customer satisfaction level of the consumers (Bone et al.). The problem underlined in the report prises of the wide variety of alternatives available to the target audiences. This is determined by the market research. The problem was quantified by consulting with several journal articles (Bone et al.). The iPhone has satisfied the requirements of the target market and this is one of the primary solutions to the problem (Bone et al.). The iPhone has fulfilled the customer requirements and this has been proved by the parative analysis. The economic model showcases that iPhone has benefitted the target market which has increased the sale of the products. It has led to increased revenue for the pany which has resulted in the greater profit generation (Bone et al.). It is clear that Apple Inc. receives high benefit from the greater purchase of iPhones. The roadmap is concerned with the distribution channels that are used by the pany in order to make sure that its products reach the target audience. The storyboard presents the events undertaken by Apple Inc. which is related to the conception, launch, promotion and marketing of iPhone. It prises of several rubrics such as problem rubric, solution rubric, economic rubric and roadmap rubric. The problem rubric identifies the target market and the various alternatives they are looking for in order to satisfy their preferences. The solution rubric shows the launch of iPhone which solves the worry of the customer. The economic rubric shows the increase in sales of the pany due to the launch of iPhone. The roadmap rubric shows the marketing approach that should be adopted in the pany for the future. The article has strong impacts on the issue and enumerates the reasons for strong foothold of Apple. It discusses the appropriate reasons that drive Apple for achieving more success. The parative analysis method is used for the purpose of paring the current market research along with the provided article. This parison is useful in understanding the factors contributing to the success of iPhone. This report would broaden the understanding of the topic and would also facilitate further research on this topic. Bone, Sterling A., et al. "How customer participation in B2B peer-to-peer problem-solving munities influences the need for traditional customer service."  Journal of Service Research  18.1 (2015): 23-38. Bonk, Celine. "The impact of Apple's munication and French and Finnish consumers' product perceptions: case of the iPhone product." (2015). Davila, Tony, Marc Epstein, and Robert Shelton.  Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. FT press, 2012. De Mooij, Marieke.  Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications, 2013. Homburg, Christian, Josef Vollmayr, and Alexander Hahn. "Firm value creation through major channel expansions: evidence from an event study in the United States, Germany, and China."  Journal of Marketing  78.3 (2014): 38-61. Laugesen, John, and Yufei Yuan. "What factors contributed to the success of Apple's iPhone?."  Mobile Business and 2010 Ninth Global Mobility Roundtable (ICMB-GMR), 2010 Ninth International Conference on. IEEE, 2010.

Home Land Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Home Land Security - Research Paper Example In terms of the security issues at port, the maritime transport act was introduced to provide more security in the ports and to decrease the case of smuggling and entry of terrorist. In road transport, the overall surveillance of the transport system increased considerably with implementation of technology to improve the security system. The transportation Security in USA has become matter of prime concern since the September, 11 attacks in the country. The US government dedicated their best efforts in increasing the security system of the country in every mode of transportation. As an initiative to make the transport system more secure, the Transportation Security Administration started operating under the US Department of Homeland Security. The primary objective of the agency was to provide safety and security to the traveling public based in the country so that any an incident like 9/11 does not occur again. Special task was assigned to develop policies to protect the overall transportation system in the country with a special focus on airport security and in the prevention of hijacking of aircrafts. The federal government also adopted special policies to look after the security issues in highways, roads, railways and in ports. Over the years the security in the transportation system have modified in a large exte nt to protect the common public. In the process of securing the transportation system the US government faced massive challenge in as providing security to hundreds of airports along with the sea ports and transit service proved to a daunting task. Much of the responsibility for strengthening the aviation system was assigned to the TSA which came into existence just after the massive attack on world trade center. TSA was engaged with the screening process of the passengers and the property. In the newly reformed security system in aviation, explosive

Martin Luther King (Business Ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martin Luther King (Business Ethics) - Essay Example In order to love enemies, it is better to focus only on their qualities rather than accepting their evils. The most excellent way that the speaker suggests to demonstrate one’s love towards one’s enemies is to skip the opportunity to defeat them. Furthermore, one should help enemies in the best way possible to overcome their difficulties. The idea of loving enemies is relevant to business field as well because modern business involves broad and collaborated knowledge sharing and problem solving. Traditional business was subject to personal management; and therefore, lacked integration and teamwork. In business, the practice of King’s idea of love for enemies can enhance business sustainability as the ‘win win’ approach would become a competitive approach to business firms. As far as I am concerned, the idea of loving enemies is not practical in normal way of thinking because immature feelings like jealousy and selfishness prevail over human nature th at persuade them to hate their enemies. This speech has influenced me to reshape my perceptions regarding the feeling of hatred towards the enemies. 2. Unfulfilled Dreams The speech, ‘Unfulfilled Dreams’ by Martin Luther king is a subject of great significance in the life of every individual. As the speech says, it is natural for man to have his own dreams and struggle for attaining those dreams. Despite the determination and effort, most of the dreams remain unfulfilled. It says that one of the main reasons which impede the efforts is the inappropriate choices we make in our lives. The sincere efforts to dream fulfillment is likely to be rewarded by God and blessed with the required ability to fulfill it. The height of the dream and the obstacles associated with it do not matter when the aspiration derives from the depth of heart and efforts through the right path. In business also one’s strong determination to fulfill the dreams and desires can be regarded as t he key to success. The paucity of strong willpower and divergence from predetermined strategies lead to business failure. As the time passes and situations turn unfavorable, the determination to fulfill dreams becomes feeble. The sparkling speech of Martin Luther King has imbued me a lot with new outlook towards life-goal and choices I would make in future. 3. A knock at midnight ‘A knock at Midnight is yet another motivational speech delivered by Martin Luther King in 1963. The speech had a social significance in the period during which he delivered it. The essence of the King’s speech is that mankind lives in midnight amidst various evils. He points that world nations fight each other in order to attain supremacy; and they use scientific achievements for the destruction of the whole world. In his opinion, the midnight night in the social life refers to retardation of the human values. He adds that the midnight will not continue for a long term; instead, there will be rather long hours of light. These words of King reflect his hope toward achieving social equity in America. New business ideologies of profit maximization have challenged all basic human values. Modern businesses employ every possible malpractice so as to achieve market dominance; and it often severely hurts all fundamental human interests. Therefore, it can be clearly conclude that the modern business world also is in darkness as it undermines human values. From my moral point of view, the cut-throat competition has weakened the

Musical Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Example for Free

Musical Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Musical Style and Innovations Beethoven is viewed as a transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. Above all, his works distinguish themselves from those of any prior composer through his creation of large, extended architectonic structures characterized by the extensive development of musical material, themes, and motifs, usually by means of modulation, that is, a change in the feeling of the home key, through a variety of keys or harmonic regions. Although Haydns later works often showed a greater fluidity between distant keys, Beethovens innovation was the ability to rapidly establish a solidity in juxtaposing different keys and unexpected notes to join them. This expanded harmonic realm creates a sense of a vast musical and experiential space through which the music moves, and the development of musical material creates a sense of unfolding drama in this space. In this way Beethovens music parallels the simultaneous development of the novel in literature, a literary form focused on the life drama and development of one or more individuals through complex life circumstances, and of contemporaneous German idealisms philosophical notion of self, mind, or spirit that unfolds through a complex process of contradictions and tensions between the subjective and objective until a resolution or synthesis occurs in which all of these contradictions and developmental phases have been resolved or encompassed in a higher unity. Beethoven continued to expand the development section of works, extending a trend in the works of Haydn and Mozart, who had dramatically expanded both the length and substance of instrumental music. As Beethovens major immediate predecessors and influences, he looked to their harmonic and formal models for his own works. However, both Mozart and Haydn placed the great weight of a musical movement in the statement of ideas called the exposition, for Beethoven the development section of a sonata form became the heart of the work. Beethoven was able to do this by making the development section not merely longer, but also more structured. The very long development section of the Eroica Symphony, for example, is divided into four roughly equal sections, making it, in effect, a sonata form within a sonata form. The first movement alone of this symphony is as long as an entire typical Italian-style Mozart symphony from the 1770s. His focus on the development would, like others of his innovations, set a trend that later composers would follow. Although Beethoven wrote many beautiful and lyrical melodies, another radical innovation of his music, compared especially to that of Mozart and Haydn, is his extensive use of forceful, marked, and even stark rhythmic patterns throughout his compositions and, in particular, in his themes and motifs, some of which are primarily rhythmic rather than melodic. Some of his most famous themes, such as those of the first movements of the Third, Fifth, and Ninth symphonies, are primarily non-melodic rhythmic figures consisting of notes of a single chord, and the themes of the last movements of the Third and Seventh symphonies could more accurately be described as rhythms rather than as melodies. This use of rhythm was particularly well suited to the primacy of development in Beethovens music, since a single rhythmic pattern can more easily than a melody be taken through a succession of different, even remote, keys and harmonic regions while retaining and conveying an underlying unity. This allowed him to combine different features of his themes in a wide variety of ways, extending the techniques of Haydn in development (see Sonata Form). He also continued another trend towards larger orchestras that went on until the first decade of the 20th century, and moved the center of the sound downwards in the orchestra, to the violas and the lower register of the violins and cellos, giving his music a heavier and darker feel than Haydn or Mozart. Gustav Mahler modified the orchestration of some of Beethovens music most notably the 3d and 9th symphonies with the idea of more accurately expressing Beethovens intent in an orchestra that had grown so much larger than the one Beethoven used: for example, doubling woodwind parts to compensate for the fact that a modern orchestra has so many more strings than Beethovens orchestra did. Needless to say, these efforts remain controversial. In his Fifth Symphony Beethoven introduced a striking motif, drawn from a late Haydn symphony, in the very opening bar, which he echoed in various forms in all four movements of the symphony. This is the first important occurrence of cyclic form. He was also fond of making usual what had previously been unusual: in the Fifth Symphony, instead of  using a stately minuet, as had been the norm for the dance movement of a four-movement work, he created a dark march, which he used as the third movement and ran into the fourth without interruption. While one can point to previous works which had one or more of these individual features, his music, combined with the use of operatic scoring that he learned from Mehul and Cherubini, created a work which was altogether novel in effect too novel, in fact, for some critics of the time. On the other hand, his contemporary Spohr found the finale too baroque, though he praised the second movement as being in good Romantic style. His Ninth Symphony included a chorus and solo voices in the 4th movement for the first time, and made extensive use of fugues, which were generally considered to be a different form of music, and again unusual in symphonies. He wrote one opera, Fidelio. It has been said that he wrote beautiful vocal music without regard for the limitations of human singers, treating the voice as if it were a symphonic instrument even though his conversation books note his desire to make his music singable and include references that indicate that he had remembered his fathers singing lessons. Beethovens development and works are typically divided into three periods: an early period in which his works show especially the influence of Mozart and Haydn; a middle, mature period in which he developed his distinctive individual style, sometimes characterized as heroic; and a late period, in which he wrote works of a highly evolved, individuated, sometimes fragmented and unorthodox style sometimes characterized as transcendent and sublime, where he tried to combine the baroque ideas of Handel and Bach with his icons Mozart and Haydn. In his late years he called Handel my grand master. In contrast to Mozart, he labored heavily over his work, leaving intermediate drafts that provide considerable insight into his creative process. Early drafts of his Ninth Symphony used rough vertical marks on the score in place of actual notes, to indicate the structure he had in mind for the melody. Studies of his sketch books show the working out of dozens of variations on a particular theme, changing themes to fit with an overall structure that evolved over time, and extensive sketching of counter-melodies.

Decisions Small Business Will Face in 2005 Essay -- essays research pa

What are some of the important financial decisions that small business owner will face in 2005? There are numerous issues such raising capital, accounting and bookkeeping, cash flow management, poor inventory management, over investments in fixed assets, poor credit arrangements, unexpected growth, and other economic factors that will affect a small business’s finances. The U.S. Small Business Administration has seen lots of small businesses com and, unfortunately, go. According to the SBA, over 50% of small businesses fail in the first year and 95% fail within the first five years (â€Å"Why Small Businesses Fail†, 2005, p. 1). With this fact in mind, one should seriously consider gaining a thorough understanding of finances and the effects it will have on their businesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In dealing with raising capital, one should consider how important his/her credit profile is to the loan equation. A small business should always strive to stay in good standing with all creditors, not only to gain favorable credit, but sometimes to gain cost cutting deals from just being a good customer which ultimately affects profits/losses. Debt-to-Income ratio is another important factor in raising capital. If your business has a high debt ratio, then you become a high risk investment. The most important issue in raising capital is if your request for funds logical and thoroughly justified. Lenders are in the business to make a profit, theref...

Whole Foods: a Whole-Istic Strategy

1. Define Whole foods’ â€Å"product†. How does it deliver value to customers? The Whole Foods Market chain was the first retailer in the United States offering products to its customers that are natural (grown without being treated with growth hormones or antibiotics) and ’certified organic’. The product of Whole Foods are organic, natural and gourmet foods, taking into account the environment as an important factor, and making of the earth the first priority. hey’re not a company selling cheap products but they’re a company selling quality and health to their customers. They’re not giving importance to businnes, but to quality and satisfy their customers. Whole foods is not only taking care of their customers but also of the environment and of our oplanet. Whole foods deliver value to their customers by selling the highest quality natural and organic products available, satisfying and delighting their customers, supporting team member happiness and excellence, creating wealth through profits and growth, caring about communities and the environment, creating ongoing win-win partnerships with their suppliers and promoting the health of their stakeholders through healthy eating education. 2. Organic food are becoming very popular. Many chains, including Wal-Mart, have begun offering and expading their selection of organics. Does this pose a competitive threat to Whole Foods? Wal-Mart represent a big threat to the Whole Foods stores, because it is starting to offer organic products at lower prices and if consumers start to see this in Wal-mart they’re going to start buying in there, but now in the USA all Products sold as â€Å"Organic† must now meet the requirements of the USDA Organic Rule, and every product most under a number show how organic is their product, that could be an advantage for Whole Foods because it can show that the quality meet the prices that they have, and for Wal-Mart could be a little difficult to have such quality product at such a low price. . With respect to Whole Foods’ targeting and positioning strategies, what challenges will the company face in the future as it continues to grow and expand? As it grows and expand it’s difficult to the market of organic food to keep all of these demand as far as it has Whole-Foods, it is also very difficult to satisfy the expectations of all the customers using suc h a high quality level in each of the products. For high quality products it is improtant to takle care of every item that comes out to the market, and it is so expensive for Whole Foods to do that so it is going to reduce quality. It is also important to know that Whole Foods incomes are flattening and net income is plummeting. And this is all going to create a debt for Whole foods and making such expensive products, they most cut costs to make make the company more proffitable. 4. In some places, Whole Foods is commonly known as â€Å"Whole Paycheck† While the firm has clearly positioned itself away from pricing issues, can it avoid this element of the marketing mix forever? Why or why not? It can avoid them by giving lower prices to their customers, but it’s difficult because they’re offering organic quality products, which in countries like the United States are very expensive to afford. It is very difficult to overcome this situation but Whole Foods is doing well by offering more discounts, increasing lower-priced store brands, advertising products they sell at a good value and organizing budget-focused store tours. This could be a major move for Whole Foods to create a new image of their market. . What other trends in the future of retailing do you think will have an impact on Whole Foods? The economy have it cycles but in the other hand it gives some trends like it’s people taking care of their health, there is a lot of people with their awareness and their consciousness and how lifestyle plays into the role of health. There’s a million of people realizing they want vitality in their lives. And these are big trends. These are shifts that people are not going to go back from.

Environmental Management Essay

The world climate is changing and the effects of global warming are being witnessed in various part of the world. Available researches points out human activities as the major case for climate change and global warming. United States is the world leading emitter for global warming pollution and its emission mainly being from green houses and burning of fossils. The country is now on the forefront in taking the appropriate steps to contain the situation and it have come out with a program known as cap trade program. The cap-trade program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several states and it is looking forward to be implemented at the national level. The world climate is changing and the evidence of global warming is unequivocal. According to the report of IPPC synthesis 2001 (Crowley, 2000), the increase in earth warmth is dated back in the years between 1900 and 1940 which later cooled down between 1941 and 1965. Information collected from millions of thermometer in the world since 1860 shows an increase in the average surface air measurement. These data which is believed to be the most accurate and useful in global climate description, shows 1998 as being the warmest year on record with 1990-2000 being the warmest decade. The global temperature has increased by approximately 0. 6 degrees since the start of 20th century with 0. 4 of this occurring during 1970s (McIntosh & Roderick, 2006). As result of alteration in the world ecosystem which consists of the atmosphere, ecosphere and social sphere harmful gases have been released impacting negatively to our atmosphere. Scientists believe that the gases have led to global warming due to depletion of ozone layer. They attribute Human activities like deforestation and fossil combustion to increase of carbon dioxide emission while organic wastes and fossil fuel mining increases the release of methane which is affect negatively on ozone layer (Hardoy et al, 2001). Also Nitrogen fertilizers commonly used by farmers and release of refrigerant cfcs in factories increases nitrogen oxide and chlorofluorohydrocarbons gases respectively to the atmosphere (Hardoy et al, 2001). Over the years this gas has accumulated in the atmosphere bring adverse effect ranging from acid rains, climate change and depletion of the layer (Burroughs, 2001). Ozone layer is made up of ozone o3 molecules which three atoms of oxygen. It is located in the stratosphere portion of the atmosphere and it shields the harmful UV rays from the sun to reach the earth. Ozone layer depletion is the major cause of global warming and its effect such as Elevated temperature and weather extremes. Melting of ice as witnessed in the Polar Regions and flooding of major cities are clear indications of temperature elevations (Crowley, 2000). As human being competes to exhaust the precious resources around them they leave behind a serious environmental trauma which pauses danger not only to themselves but also to other living things (Hardoy et al, 2001). The environmental problems of the world today are much greater compared to last century when the damage was smaller. It is predicted that the situation will not reverse in near soon since the population is expanding and also the fact that human being have continued to stress for development without conservation of the environment (Broecker, 1995) In 2007 the panel consisting of the world leading scientist charged with the task of reviewing summarizing and validating the latest research concluded that the warming of the climate is clear. The panel attributed ninety percent of warming in the 50 s to green houses which are human creation. Other scientific reports have documented the specific impacts of warming including the melting down of the artic ice cap, shifting of the wildlife habitat, increased heat waves and wild fires. The United States of America is the global leading emitter of overall warming pollution. The emission is mainly through green houses and also burning of fossils. Their however not spared by the effects of the climate change as they experience glaciers, flooding of cities and intense storms in their backyard (Broecker, 1995) The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze climate change as one of the environmental issues and discuss the policy that united states have adopted in dealing with the issue. I wish to take the proactive side that indeed the climate change is being managed in the correct way in reducing its effects in the present and in the future. Important steps are being taken by various stakeholders in United States to contain the effects of climate change. In order to achieve reduction in large scale emissions as a necessary step to address climate change, there is need to adopt effective policies that stresses on shifting in the way the world uses and produces energy. Policy makers are treating the issue of climate change as an urgent one and are deploying currently available resources to reduce global warming pollution at all cost (Comiso, 2002) United States is now leading the way after years of inaction. The country now recognizes the need for effective environmental program for management of climate change which is perceived is a threat to environment and human beings in general. The climate policy which United States adopted is called cap-trade program. The plan requires the natural gas producers to purchase allowances for emissions from downstream gas consumers with less likelihood that the cost will be passed to consumers. Cap and trade program was designed in united states and also tested and proven by the Americans as a program within the clean air amendment of 1990. Its success as shown in the appendix 1, led to be crowned the green success story by the economist magazine. The program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several states Groups of states especially in the east and west coast are coming together to set up market place for electric facilities to buy and sell credits to release carbon dioxide among other gases which lead to global warming (NYT, 2002). In Chicago an emission trading allowance program have been launched which uses electricity utility in more than nine north eastern states. Western states on their side have teamed up with Canadian provinces to unveil yet another ambitious trading system which encompasses both industries and utilities . the plan aim at reducing greenhouse emissions by 15% within 12 years. Also a program to have a carbon trading market aiming to be running by 2010 is underway in Wisconsin, Illinois and other Midwestern states. I am optimistic that this program will go along way in reducing the emissions blamed for global warming and they will do so efficiently and less cheaply than regulatory program. New York merchantile first auction of emission allowance opened a new beginning in America response to change in climate, although reducing carbon dioxide is predicted to increase electric rates the cost will be lesser as compared to convectional regulation . to ensure protection of consumers. The program uses the cap and trade approach to realize proceeds that can be used to promote energy efficiency and conservation saving money for household (Houghton, 2004) Emission dealings began in 1990 and focused on reducing sulfur dioxide which causes the acid rain. The cap and trade program is preferred than the regulatory program since it is effective in cutting emissions quickly. In fact with the both McCain and Obama supporting the cap and trade program there is high likelihood of national trading program which will cover the whole country (Houghton, 2004). The problem related to this policy is that it will lead to fewer natural gas wells which may result to shortfall in production and over all reduction in supplies. High demand and low supply entails that prices will go high in order to meet the new climate goals. An eventual increase in consumer spending is likely and the price will also drive gas dependent industries abroad resulting to job losses (Hardoy, 2001) Conclusion The great scholars seem to agree that the world climate is changing and the earth is warmer than it was a century ago. Scientist attributes the global warming to human activities such as fossil burning and deforestation. An immediate step is required in the establishment of compulsory emission limits joined with a market based system that provide for a reduction in emission which is cost effective. Nevertheless to address the issue of climate change cannot succeed without involvement of united sates. The starting point is a program that will enable United States to substantially and permanently reduce their emission since they are the largest emitters of global warming pollution.There is need for quick enactment of energy policies which include more stern fuel efficiency regulations. Reference Broecker, W. C. (1995). The Glacial earth According to Wally. Eldigo Press, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Crowley, T. J. (2000). Origin of climate change over the past. UK: Cambridge University Press, Comiso, J. C. (2002). A rapidly declining permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic. London: Routledge press. New York Times (NYT) (2002, November 9). â€Å"Waters and dying lobsters and warming waters†. Times, 143, pp. 30-32 McIntosh & Roderick (2006). Atmosphere, History, and Human Action. New York: Columbia University Press, Burroughs, W. J. (2001, November 9). â€Å"Climate change† The Journal for Comparative Change, New York Times, Vol. 36-118-134. Hardoy et al, (2001). Global warming: multidisciplinary climatic approach. London: Arnold press. Houghton, J. T. (2004, May 22). Global warming: the Complete Briefing, 89-456-458 U. K: Cambridge University Press.

Student In Sweden Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Student In Sweden Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Student In Sweden Amerikas stater blev frenade 1787. Samma r bestmde man en constitution som alla skulle flja. dvs Presidenten och hur mycket makt han skulle ha, och folkrepresationen senaten och kongressen. Man bestmde efter mycket debatterande att presidenten skulle ha makt ver militren och ta hand om all utlandspolitik. Men Presidentens makt strcker sig lngt ut i vrlden. Han ses som vrldens mktigaste person med hela Amerikanska krigsmakten bakom sig, (den starkaste i vrlden)och USAs ekonomi r ocks den mest stabila och starkaste, och den pverkar resten av vrldens ekonomi. Som nu nr president valet fortfarande r ovisst s sjunker vrldens brser i vntan. Vad r det han gr d? Presidenten styr landet och kommer med lagfrslag och budgetfrslag som sen kongressen tar beslut om. Eftersom USA r en demokrati s styr Presidenten inte ensam landet, han har hjlp av sjlv valda ministrar, experter och rdgivare. Det r regeringen, men de ses endast som presidentens hjlpredor. Presidenten r ocks beroende av std ifrn kongressen och hgsta domstolen fr att f igenom sina frslag. Kongressen=riksdag Kongressen r folkets representant i Vita Huset. Den bestr av Senaten, i senaten finns tv representanter ifrn varje stat. Och representant huset som bestr av 435 platser som frdelas i val. Hgsta domstolen har en stabil makt position, den har kontroll ver lagar och upprtthller konstitutionens alla rttigheter. HD ser till att de politiska besluten fljer dem. Hgsta domstolen har nio domare, de utses p livstid av kongressen av frslag ifrn USA:s president. Den Amerikanska makten r uppdelad i tre, Presidenten. Kongressen och hgsta domstolen. Det amerikanska folket gillar balans och p detta stt balanseras makten och ingen kan missbruka den! Hur avstts en president d om han gr ngot dligt? Kongressen har endast makt att tala Presidenten fr riksrtt om han missbrukade sin makt. Man bestmde att fyra r skulle presidenten sitta i sin position, och mjligheten att bli omvald var tillltet. Fr att bli president mste kandidaten ha mest elektors rster. Man infrde elektors rster fr att ocks de sm staterna skulle ha ngon makt. Annars blev de bara upp till de stora staterna som t.ex. Texas och Florida vem som bestmde vem som blev president. De sm staterna har kanske 1 eller 2 elektors rster, medan Florida har hela 25. Det beror helt p folkmngden. Den av kandidaterna som fr flest rster i t.ex. Florida fr d 25 elektors rster. Det har ingenting med att gra hur mnga rster en kandidat fr av hela befolkningen, utan bara i staterna. De 50 frenta staterna bildar tillsammans ett slags frbund, en s kallad federation. Men varje delstat har nd egna lagar och en slags statsminister (guvernr). Demokrat eller Republikan ? Det finns tv stora partier i USA, Demokraterna och Republikanerna, demokraterna som r ett vnster parti och republikanerna ett hger. Fast till skillnad mot Sveriges flerparti system s gr den Amerikanska politiken inte s mycket ut p partier utan p parti kandidater. I USA r man mer personlig, man rstar inte p ett parti utan p en person. Bara fr att ett parti, t.ex republikanerna har maktposition i folkrepresentaionen plus en president s betyder det inte att alla tror p samma sak. Och man kan g emot det egna partiet. Det kan bero p att man kommer ifrn olika delar av landet och kanske stdjer de som kommer ifrn samma del. Personval r en stor del av det Amerikanska valen, det r ocks s med Senatorerna och kongressledamoterna. (Swedish==)

Should college dorms be separated between male and female Research Paper

Should college dorms be separated between male and female - Research Paper Example Promiscuity is another element which needs to be considered here, promiscuous men and women are ruining our society and the same can easily happen should men and women reside in the same dorm. Sexually transmitted diseases would spread should promiscuous men and women change partners on a regular basis and this would not be good for the others residing in the same dorm, there would be unrest and quarrel in the dorm should men and women reside in the same dorm. These are very valid points which need to be considered and these are very logical arguments too. There are positives also which must not be ignored; there are several advantages of sharing dorms. Men and women both live together in a society and staying together would certainly prepare them for the future and make them stronger emotionally. The real life experience that they would get by staying together would be second to none and they can learn a lot of things from each other but it can lead to a lot of quarrels also. It is important to consider the other side because every coin is two sided and it is highly unfair to ignore the other side. â€Å"Many students who live in coed dorms argue that its not that big of a deal. Dorm life is not one big college sex party. Male and female students have the same basic housing needs-- sleeping accommodations, a place to study, and companionship. Why separate people with the same needs? After all, students are adults.† (Coed Dorm Life) Having men around is always good as far as the safety of women is concerned but men also pose serious safety problems to women and many a time it becomes very difficult to handle aggressive males chasing women and this can be a very serious problem should men and women stay in the same dorm. â€Å"Coed dorms provide lots of dating opportunities. Unfortunately, dating someone in your dorm isnt necessarily a good idea. Its

MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MIS - Assignment Example One is able to follow through the procedure where the supply supplies the business goods and they are paid by the accounts clerk. On receiving the goods, the store is updated (ordered) and the good s available for sale can be sold to a customer. Note that the same location may be shown on successive processes (e.g. Order Clerk in the case of processes 1 and 3). The reason for breaking them down is to show that a decision is taken and the second process is dependent on that. In this case, for example, not ALL orders result in activation of the reorder process - only those where the order requires new stock to be ordered. When creating the DFD caution has to be excised when balancing the data flows. For instance once the store is out of stock, more goods are ordered then purchased. Similarly, numbering system is just a simple way that enables one to tell which processes decompose.It is important to note that those process that decompose are simply broken down but may be joined again at a higher level. Though the diagram does not give a detailed account of some other processes such as what would happen in the event that a credit check fails, it gives a general idea of what basically happens when transactions are made within the business

Contract Disputes Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract Disputes - Term Paper Example I will give an example of a contract dispute that occurred between the Government Printing Office (GPO) and Microform Data Systems, Inc. between 1980 and 1981. In a letter written by the Acting Controller General of the United States to Mr. McClosky, House of Representatives in Microform Data Systems, he explained the correspondence made by Microform Data Systems, Inc. for their contract appeals and dissatisfaction with the processes and composition of GPO board. Microform Data Systems, Inc was not happy at all by the steps taken by the GPO board in dealing with their Contract dispute and claims concerning a business contract between the two associates (Government Operations: Contract Dispute Involving Government Printing Office, 1981). The facts about the Contract Dispute Involving Government Printing Office and Microform Data Systems The statement from the acting controller General clearly indicated that Microform criticized a couple of actions taken by GPO board against their comp any. They claimed that the administration of the GPO was too harsh by handing over their contract dispute to a new board to rehear. They expressed their concern that the GPO board in question is not a full time working board characterized by unqualified staff members and lack of consistency. Microform Company was not amused about this step taken by GPO administration. The question in their mind was that, how can a new board, handle a case like that without the prior knowledge and deeper understanding of what they were claiming. Microform believed that the act used by GPO administration to delegate their contract issue is not a direct application required by legislative branch agencies. The controller General office directly disagrees with Microform claim about a contractor shopping immediately after receiving an administrative ruling from the board. Microform required the GPO Board to satisfy a Contract Disputes they claimed in the first matter (Government Operations: Contract Dispu te Involving Government Printing Office, 1981).

Washington Mutual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Washington Mutual - Essay Example The conditions are analyzed in the paper and some recommendations have been suggested to improve the performance of the company and thereby determine their accountability. Washington Mutual Inc. is a Seattle based consumer and small business banking company operating in the markets of the United States. It is a savings and loan holding company with two banking subsidiaries namely Washington Mutual Bank (WMB) and Washington Mutual Bank fsb (WMBfsb), as well as numerous non-bank subsidiaries. The Washington Mutual is one of the largest savings and loan associations in the United States. The main business operations of the company include retail banking network of 2,257 stores in California, Florida, Texas, New York, Washington, Illinois, Oregon, New Jersey, Georgia, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Connecticut; card services operating throughout the country with credit card lending business; the commercial operations conducting multi-family and commercial real estate lending business in selected markets and the home loans group, which engages in nationwide single-family residential real estate lending, servicing and capital markets activities (Mouawad, 2007). It is the sole survivor as a major Seattle based bank after the overwhelming trend of merger in the country between 1980 and 1990 which ended the independence of Rainier Bank, Seafirst Bank and Peoples National Bank among others. The Washington Mutual has taken up aggressive business strategies to expand its business. It went on to acquire a huge number of financial and banking institutions since 1930 and rapidly increased its assets to become a giant in banking and finance sector. It showed great performance in customer service since its foundation as a savior of the economy of Seattle after the great fire destruction. It pioneered facilities like cash machine networks and telephone banking for customer satisfaction. The home loan sector of the

Injury Underlying Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy (OBPP)

Injury Underlying Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy (OBPP) Mechanism of Injury Underlying Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy Introduction Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy (OBPP) is defined as a flaccid paresis of an upper extremity due to traumatic stretching of the brachial plexus occurring at birth, where the passive range of motion is greater than the active (Evans-Jones et al. 2003: F185–F189). Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy results from injury to the cervical roots C5-C8 and thoracic root T1 (Pollack et al. 2000: 236–246). The occurrence of Obstetrical brachial plexus injuries are reported in the medical literature at a rate of 0.38 to 2.6 per thousand live births (S. M. Shenaq et al. 2005). To understand the mechanism of injury causing OBPP it is necessary to have a fundamental anatomical knowledge about brachial plexus. Five spinal nerve roots C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1 combine to form brachial plexus. These five nerve roots combine into 3 trunks above the clavicle, the upper trunk at the C5-C6 level, the middle at C7 and the lower trunk at C8-T1. The cords end in 5 main peripheral nerves: the musculocutaneous, radial, axillary, median and ulnar nerves. The entire shoulder and the arm is supplied by the brachial plexus that helps in upper extremity function (Laurent et al. 1993: 197–203). There is a lot of controvery regarding the underlying mechanism of obstetrics brachial plexus injury that is a cause of recent litigious debate (Andersen et al. 2006: 93). OBPP is caused by excessive traction to the brachial plexus during delivery, as in majority of the cases upper shoulder gets blocked by the mother’s pubic symphysis (shoulder dystocia). With the traction to the child’s head, the angle between the neck and the shoulder is forcefully widened, overstretching the ipsilateral brachial plexus. The extent of injury can vary from neurapraxia or axonotmesis to neurotmesis and avulsion of rootlets from the spinal cord (Pondaag et al. 2004: 138–144). Some studies determine that in certain cases, brachial plexus injuries occur secondary to shoulder dystocia that is associated with high intrauterine forces, not traction injuries (S. M. Shenaq et al. 2005). Though the main theories have been that of compression (either direct or indirect caused by instrument s, fingers or between the bony structures) or traction (Sever 1916: 541) some authors proposed that infection or ischaemia is the cause, whilst others proposed postural in vitro causes, this view was strengthened by the apparent coincidence of other congenital malformations (S. P. Kay 1998: 43–50). The biomechanics of the size of the maternal pelvic and the foetal shoulder size and their position during the delivery determine the extent of injury to the brachial plexus (Zafeiriou Psychogiou 2008: 235–242). Also intrauterine factors, such as abnormal intrauterine pressures arising from uterine anomalies causes obstetrical brachial plexus palsy at the time of pregnancy (Gherman et al. 1999: 1303–1307). Some authors have (ACKER et al. 1988: 389–392) also discussed the possible reasons as to why relatively few OBPP happens during vaginal deliveries without shoulder dystocia; their analysis shifted the focus of OBPP’s cause, away from those forces appl ied by the clinicians towards the endogenous maternal propulsive forces. Both maternal expulsive forces and uterine contractions together form the natural forces. obstetrical brachial plexus palsy may happen in case of caesarean section (Jennett et al. 1992: 1673–1677) or operative vaginal delivery (Alexander et al. 2006: 885–890) also due to forceful traction and manipulation by the obstetrician. The risk factors for brachial plexus palsies may be divided into four categories: neonatal (: Birth weight > 4000 gm,Macrosomia, Breech foetal position, Apgar score: (a) 1 min, (b) 5 min), maternal (Age, Body mass index, Gestational diabetes, Multiparity, Maternal pelvic anatomy), labor-related factors (Duration of second stage of labor, Labor management: (a) induction of labor; (b) oxytocin augment; (c) epidural analgesia, Shoulder dystocia , Mode of delivery: (a) vaginal; (b) vacuum or forceps) and Associated Injuries (Clavicular fracture) (Zafeiriou Psychogiou 2008: 235–242). Brachial plexus injury can be classified according to severity : avulsion, rupture, neuroma, and neurapraxia (S. M. Shenaq et al. 1998: 527–536). anatomical location: upper, intermediate, lower, and total plexus palsy (Sandmire DeMott 2000: 941–942). Upper plexus palsy involves C5, C6, and sometimes C7. Also called Erb’s palsy, it is the most common type of brachial plexus injury (Gilbert Abbott 1995). It presents with an adducted arm, which is internally rotated at the shoulder. The wrist is flexed, and the fingers are extended, resulting in the characteristic ‘waiter’s tip’ posture. Intermediate plexus palsy, involving C7 and sometimes C8 and T1, has been proposed by a few researchers (Zafeiriou Psychogiou 2008: 235–242). Lower plexus palsy involves C8 and T1. Also called Klumpke paralysis, it is very rare and accounts for Total plexus palsy involves C5-C8 and sometimes T1 (J. K. Terzis et al. 1986: 773) and is the second most common type of injury (Laurent et al. 1993: 197–203). It is the most devastating plexus injury: the infant is left with a clawed hand and a flaccid and insensate arm. There is a strong positive correlation between assisted deliveries and total brachial plexus palsy, which indicates that a more severe injury has occurred to the plexus (Michelow et al. 1994: 675–680). Narakas classified obstetrical brachial plexus lesions into four, based on the examination 2- 3 weeks after birth: Group I: C5-6; paralysis of shoulder and biceps. Group II: C5-7; paralysis of shoulder, biceps and forearm extensors. Group Ill: C5-T1, complete paralysis of limb. Group IV: C5-T1; as above with Homers syndrome (S. P. Kay 1998: 43–50). The majority of the patient (70%-95%) recovered completely within 3 to 4 months. Rest 5% patients were requiring conservative or surgical treatment according to extent and severity of injury. Physiotherapy and splinting are conservative treatment and nerve reconstruction, grafting, neurolysis, tendon transplantation procedures are in the surgical treatment. Many classifications and scoring systems for assessing function and predicting outcomes for children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy have been proposed. The most common and clinically useful measures used are mention below. British Medical Research Council Scale A number of methods have been used to describe or quantify motor function in children with OBPP.The British Medical Research Council (M R C ) system of manual muscle testing is the most recognized scale for the evaluation of strength for patients with peripheral nerve injuries. This test employs the use of limb segment positioning without and against gravity and the use of manual resistance to grade muscle strength on a 6-point scale (O = no contraction, 5 = normal power). The MRC scale as a measure of strength for infants with OBPP has been reported by a number of authors. This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). Gilbert and Tassin Scale Gilbert and Tassin have suggested a modified MRC scale for the evaluation of children with OBPP to account for the difficulties encountered in examining infants with manual resistance. The MO-M3 scale has been used as an outcome measure in some studies. This scale is limited in the ability to distinguish improvements in motor recovery however, as it has only one grade to classify partial movement. This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). Mallet Scale Mallet has described a method of evaluating children with OBPP based on the ability to perform functional positioning of the affected limb. With this classification, patients are asked to actively perform five different shoulder movements: abduction, external rotation, placing the hand behind the neck, placing the hand as high as possible on the spine, and placing the hand to the mouth. Each shoulder movement is subsequently graded on a scale of I (no movement) to V (normal motion that is symmetric with that on the contralateral, unaffected side). Although utilized as an outcome measure by a number of authors. This system can only be used with a cooperative, older child. This scale is not suitable for use with infants. It has an excellent intra-observer reliability of kappa= 0.76 and an inter-observer reliability of kappa = 0.78 in this patients. This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). The Active Movement Scale The Active Movement Scale is an eight-grade ordinal scale that was co-developed by the candidate and the head of the Brachial Plexus Clinic at The Hospital for Sick Children (HSC) for the specific purpose of evaluating infants (newborn to one year of age) with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. This tool is used to quantify upper extremity strength by observing spontaneous, active movement both without and against gravity. Each movement is scored on a scale of 0 to 7. The fifteen movements include shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, shoulder external rotation, elbow flexion, elbow extension, forearm pronation, forearm supination, wrist flexion, wrist extension, digital flexion, digital extension, thumb flexion, and thumb extension. The use of this scale for clinical and scientific evaluation has been reported in a number of publications. It has an excellent intra-observer reliability of kappa= 0.85 and an inter-observer reliability of kappa = 0.66 in this patients. It has established good psychometric properties in this population. This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). Gilbert and Raimondi scale Elbow flexion was graded by the system of Gilbert and Raimondi which ranges from 0 (paralysis) to 5 (complete active flexion and extension). Function of the hand was graded from 0 (paralysis) to 5 in which there is complete active flexion and extension of the wrist and fingers, strong intrinsic muscle function and active pronation and supination in excess of 90Â °, as described by Raimondi (Birch et al. 2005: 1089–1095). This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). Toronto Test Score: Michelow et al. proposed the Toronto Test Score to quantify upper-extremity function and to predict recovery in infants with brachial plexus birth palsy9. With this scoring system, patients are prompted to actively flex the elbow and extend the elbow, wrist, fingers, and thumb. Each of these five movements is then graded on a scale of 0 (no motion) to 2 (normal full motion), and the sum of the values determines the aggregate, or total, Toronto Test Score (maximum, 10 points). The Toronto Test Score was designed to predict outcome in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy. It has an excellent intra-observer reliability of kappa= 0.73 and an inter-observer reliability of kappa = 0.51 in this patients. This scale falls within the body functions and structures domain of ICF (Ho et al. 2012). Literature Review: Julia K. Terzis and Kokkalis (2008) conducted a retrospective study to see the effect of primary and secondary shoulder reconstruction in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. 96children with OBPP were recruited in the study. 30 cases underwent primary reconstruction alone, 37 underwent both primary and secondary procedures, and 31 late cases underwent only palliative surgery. From this population, 23 cases were diagnosed with classic Erb’s palsy, 22 cases with Erb’s palsy and C7 involvement and 53 cases with global palsy (C5-T1). British Medical Research Council grading system and modified Mallet scale were used as outcome measures. The mean follow-up period was 6.7 years. Significant improvement was seen in the entire population according to modified Mallet scale and mean score improved from 8.8 points (range, 6-19 points) preoperatively to 20.9 points (range, 13-24 points) postoperatively (p They used large population. The inclusion criteria was not proper. They used long follow up period. There can be selection bias present. Nehme et al. (2002) conducted a retrospective study to see the prediction of outcome in upper root injuries in OBPP. 30 children with unilateral upper obstetrical brachial plexus injuries were recruited in this study. The age of this group was between 1 week and 2 months. The mean follow-up was 14 years. Each child was examined every month in the first year and every 3 months in the second year. Mallet scale was used to assess the functional recovery and classification of Tassin was used to assess the muscle power. Result showed that three patients had achieved a ‘‘good recovery’’, at 3 months and 12 patients had made a ‘‘good recovery’’ at 9 months with conventional physical therapy. The best predictor of outcome was elbow flexion at 9 months with 13% error, and not 3 months with 36% error rate for brachial plexus reconstruction. A ‘‘good result’’ at final assessment was predicted by the recovery of M2 elb ow flexion at 3 months (Student t-test: P Bisinella and Birch (2003) conducted a prospective study with 74 children with OBPP to see the incident of recovery. The mean age of children was 3.2 months and follow up period was two years. Mallet scale and Gilbert scale used for shoulder function, Gilbert and Raimondi scale used for elbow function and Raimondi’s system used for measuring hand function. Patients underwent to conventional or surgical intervention according to severity. Result showed that very good recovery in 39 cases, useful arm with residual deficit in 29 cases, some function in 4 cases and very poor result in 2 cases. Mallet scale is not appropriate for this age of children. They used large population. Methodology was not good. Grossman et al. (2004) conducted a prospective study to assess the shoulder function following late neurolysis and bypass grafting for upper brachial plexus birth injury. 11 children in age from 9 to21 months were recruited in the study. Modified Gilbert system used for measuring shoulder function. All patients were followed for 2 or more years. In spite of some limitation, modified Gilbert system is accepted as a reliable outcome measure following surgery. Significant improvement was seen in all patients. Sample size was too small. Methodology was not explained properly. Inclusion criteria was not mention properly. Birch et al. (2005) conducted a prospective study to see the improvement after repair of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. 100 children were recruited in the study. Operation was advised when poor clinical recovery was matched by unfavourable neurophysiological predictions. The mean duration of follow-up was 85 months. Gilbert’s system and mallet system was used to assess shoulder and Gilbert and Raimondi system used to assess elbow. Result showed that good improvement was obtained in 33% of repairs of C5, in 55% of C6, in 24% of C7 and in 57% of operations on C8 and T1. Discussion: The debate whether and when to operate on OBPP is still active because it is difficult to predict the natural history for recovery of nerve lesions, because this depends on the severity of the injury (stretch, rupture, avulsion) and on the levels of injury (partial or total plexus lesion). The challenge now lay in deciding which children would recover spontaneously, and which would need direct nerve surgery to aid their progress. Some author proposed three indications for surgery; complete palsy with flail arm and Horners syndrome; complete C5 C6 palsy without muscle contraction by 3 months and with a negative EMG (often, they say, corresponding to a complete root avulsion); and C5 C6 palsy with no recovery in biceps at 3 months (biceps alone is chosen because examination of deltoid to the exclusion of pectoralis major is difficult at this age). Zancolli and Zancollf suggested that for each level of involvement of the plexus there was a different key muscle to consider as an indicato r for direct nerve surgery. For the upper plexus the key muscle was biceps and deltoid, whilst for the middle plexus it was triceps and for the lower plexus, the finger flexors and thumb extensors. In general the decision about surgery in their recommendations is delayed until between 6 or 8 months when absence of clinical or electrophysiological signs of recovery in key muscles, or the cessation of recovery at a value of M2 or less on the British Muscle Movement Scale indicated the likelihood of poor spontaneous recovery and an indication for direct nerve surgery. According to literature review, Julia K. Terzis and Kokkalis (2008) proposed that early plexus reconstruction (