Musical Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Example for Free

Musical Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Musical Style and Innovations Beethoven is viewed as a transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. Above all, his works distinguish themselves from those of any prior composer through his creation of large, extended architectonic structures characterized by the extensive development of musical material, themes, and motifs, usually by means of modulation, that is, a change in the feeling of the home key, through a variety of keys or harmonic regions. Although Haydns later works often showed a greater fluidity between distant keys, Beethovens innovation was the ability to rapidly establish a solidity in juxtaposing different keys and unexpected notes to join them. This expanded harmonic realm creates a sense of a vast musical and experiential space through which the music moves, and the development of musical material creates a sense of unfolding drama in this space. In this way Beethovens music parallels the simultaneous development of the novel in literature, a literary form focused on the life drama and development of one or more individuals through complex life circumstances, and of contemporaneous German idealisms philosophical notion of self, mind, or spirit that unfolds through a complex process of contradictions and tensions between the subjective and objective until a resolution or synthesis occurs in which all of these contradictions and developmental phases have been resolved or encompassed in a higher unity. Beethoven continued to expand the development section of works, extending a trend in the works of Haydn and Mozart, who had dramatically expanded both the length and substance of instrumental music. As Beethovens major immediate predecessors and influences, he looked to their harmonic and formal models for his own works. However, both Mozart and Haydn placed the great weight of a musical movement in the statement of ideas called the exposition, for Beethoven the development section of a sonata form became the heart of the work. Beethoven was able to do this by making the development section not merely longer, but also more structured. The very long development section of the Eroica Symphony, for example, is divided into four roughly equal sections, making it, in effect, a sonata form within a sonata form. The first movement alone of this symphony is as long as an entire typical Italian-style Mozart symphony from the 1770s. His focus on the development would, like others of his innovations, set a trend that later composers would follow. Although Beethoven wrote many beautiful and lyrical melodies, another radical innovation of his music, compared especially to that of Mozart and Haydn, is his extensive use of forceful, marked, and even stark rhythmic patterns throughout his compositions and, in particular, in his themes and motifs, some of which are primarily rhythmic rather than melodic. Some of his most famous themes, such as those of the first movements of the Third, Fifth, and Ninth symphonies, are primarily non-melodic rhythmic figures consisting of notes of a single chord, and the themes of the last movements of the Third and Seventh symphonies could more accurately be described as rhythms rather than as melodies. This use of rhythm was particularly well suited to the primacy of development in Beethovens music, since a single rhythmic pattern can more easily than a melody be taken through a succession of different, even remote, keys and harmonic regions while retaining and conveying an underlying unity. This allowed him to combine different features of his themes in a wide variety of ways, extending the techniques of Haydn in development (see Sonata Form). He also continued another trend towards larger orchestras that went on until the first decade of the 20th century, and moved the center of the sound downwards in the orchestra, to the violas and the lower register of the violins and cellos, giving his music a heavier and darker feel than Haydn or Mozart. Gustav Mahler modified the orchestration of some of Beethovens music most notably the 3d and 9th symphonies with the idea of more accurately expressing Beethovens intent in an orchestra that had grown so much larger than the one Beethoven used: for example, doubling woodwind parts to compensate for the fact that a modern orchestra has so many more strings than Beethovens orchestra did. Needless to say, these efforts remain controversial. In his Fifth Symphony Beethoven introduced a striking motif, drawn from a late Haydn symphony, in the very opening bar, which he echoed in various forms in all four movements of the symphony. This is the first important occurrence of cyclic form. He was also fond of making usual what had previously been unusual: in the Fifth Symphony, instead of  using a stately minuet, as had been the norm for the dance movement of a four-movement work, he created a dark march, which he used as the third movement and ran into the fourth without interruption. While one can point to previous works which had one or more of these individual features, his music, combined with the use of operatic scoring that he learned from Mehul and Cherubini, created a work which was altogether novel in effect too novel, in fact, for some critics of the time. On the other hand, his contemporary Spohr found the finale too baroque, though he praised the second movement as being in good Romantic style. His Ninth Symphony included a chorus and solo voices in the 4th movement for the first time, and made extensive use of fugues, which were generally considered to be a different form of music, and again unusual in symphonies. He wrote one opera, Fidelio. It has been said that he wrote beautiful vocal music without regard for the limitations of human singers, treating the voice as if it were a symphonic instrument even though his conversation books note his desire to make his music singable and include references that indicate that he had remembered his fathers singing lessons. Beethovens development and works are typically divided into three periods: an early period in which his works show especially the influence of Mozart and Haydn; a middle, mature period in which he developed his distinctive individual style, sometimes characterized as heroic; and a late period, in which he wrote works of a highly evolved, individuated, sometimes fragmented and unorthodox style sometimes characterized as transcendent and sublime, where he tried to combine the baroque ideas of Handel and Bach with his icons Mozart and Haydn. In his late years he called Handel my grand master. In contrast to Mozart, he labored heavily over his work, leaving intermediate drafts that provide considerable insight into his creative process. Early drafts of his Ninth Symphony used rough vertical marks on the score in place of actual notes, to indicate the structure he had in mind for the melody. Studies of his sketch books show the working out of dozens of variations on a particular theme, changing themes to fit with an overall structure that evolved over time, and extensive sketching of counter-melodies.

Decisions Small Business Will Face in 2005 Essay -- essays research pa

What are some of the important financial decisions that small business owner will face in 2005? There are numerous issues such raising capital, accounting and bookkeeping, cash flow management, poor inventory management, over investments in fixed assets, poor credit arrangements, unexpected growth, and other economic factors that will affect a small business’s finances. The U.S. Small Business Administration has seen lots of small businesses com and, unfortunately, go. According to the SBA, over 50% of small businesses fail in the first year and 95% fail within the first five years (â€Å"Why Small Businesses Fail†, 2005, p. 1). With this fact in mind, one should seriously consider gaining a thorough understanding of finances and the effects it will have on their businesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In dealing with raising capital, one should consider how important his/her credit profile is to the loan equation. A small business should always strive to stay in good standing with all creditors, not only to gain favorable credit, but sometimes to gain cost cutting deals from just being a good customer which ultimately affects profits/losses. Debt-to-Income ratio is another important factor in raising capital. If your business has a high debt ratio, then you become a high risk investment. The most important issue in raising capital is if your request for funds logical and thoroughly justified. Lenders are in the business to make a profit, theref...

Whole Foods: a Whole-Istic Strategy

1. Define Whole foods’ â€Å"product†. How does it deliver value to customers? The Whole Foods Market chain was the first retailer in the United States offering products to its customers that are natural (grown without being treated with growth hormones or antibiotics) and ’certified organic’. The product of Whole Foods are organic, natural and gourmet foods, taking into account the environment as an important factor, and making of the earth the first priority. hey’re not a company selling cheap products but they’re a company selling quality and health to their customers. They’re not giving importance to businnes, but to quality and satisfy their customers. Whole foods is not only taking care of their customers but also of the environment and of our oplanet. Whole foods deliver value to their customers by selling the highest quality natural and organic products available, satisfying and delighting their customers, supporting team member happiness and excellence, creating wealth through profits and growth, caring about communities and the environment, creating ongoing win-win partnerships with their suppliers and promoting the health of their stakeholders through healthy eating education. 2. Organic food are becoming very popular. Many chains, including Wal-Mart, have begun offering and expading their selection of organics. Does this pose a competitive threat to Whole Foods? Wal-Mart represent a big threat to the Whole Foods stores, because it is starting to offer organic products at lower prices and if consumers start to see this in Wal-mart they’re going to start buying in there, but now in the USA all Products sold as â€Å"Organic† must now meet the requirements of the USDA Organic Rule, and every product most under a number show how organic is their product, that could be an advantage for Whole Foods because it can show that the quality meet the prices that they have, and for Wal-Mart could be a little difficult to have such quality product at such a low price. . With respect to Whole Foods’ targeting and positioning strategies, what challenges will the company face in the future as it continues to grow and expand? As it grows and expand it’s difficult to the market of organic food to keep all of these demand as far as it has Whole-Foods, it is also very difficult to satisfy the expectations of all the customers using suc h a high quality level in each of the products. For high quality products it is improtant to takle care of every item that comes out to the market, and it is so expensive for Whole Foods to do that so it is going to reduce quality. It is also important to know that Whole Foods incomes are flattening and net income is plummeting. And this is all going to create a debt for Whole foods and making such expensive products, they most cut costs to make make the company more proffitable. 4. In some places, Whole Foods is commonly known as â€Å"Whole Paycheck† While the firm has clearly positioned itself away from pricing issues, can it avoid this element of the marketing mix forever? Why or why not? It can avoid them by giving lower prices to their customers, but it’s difficult because they’re offering organic quality products, which in countries like the United States are very expensive to afford. It is very difficult to overcome this situation but Whole Foods is doing well by offering more discounts, increasing lower-priced store brands, advertising products they sell at a good value and organizing budget-focused store tours. This could be a major move for Whole Foods to create a new image of their market. . What other trends in the future of retailing do you think will have an impact on Whole Foods? The economy have it cycles but in the other hand it gives some trends like it’s people taking care of their health, there is a lot of people with their awareness and their consciousness and how lifestyle plays into the role of health. There’s a million of people realizing they want vitality in their lives. And these are big trends. These are shifts that people are not going to go back from.

Environmental Management Essay

The world climate is changing and the effects of global warming are being witnessed in various part of the world. Available researches points out human activities as the major case for climate change and global warming. United States is the world leading emitter for global warming pollution and its emission mainly being from green houses and burning of fossils. The country is now on the forefront in taking the appropriate steps to contain the situation and it have come out with a program known as cap trade program. The cap-trade program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several states and it is looking forward to be implemented at the national level. The world climate is changing and the evidence of global warming is unequivocal. According to the report of IPPC synthesis 2001 (Crowley, 2000), the increase in earth warmth is dated back in the years between 1900 and 1940 which later cooled down between 1941 and 1965. Information collected from millions of thermometer in the world since 1860 shows an increase in the average surface air measurement. These data which is believed to be the most accurate and useful in global climate description, shows 1998 as being the warmest year on record with 1990-2000 being the warmest decade. The global temperature has increased by approximately 0. 6 degrees since the start of 20th century with 0. 4 of this occurring during 1970s (McIntosh & Roderick, 2006). As result of alteration in the world ecosystem which consists of the atmosphere, ecosphere and social sphere harmful gases have been released impacting negatively to our atmosphere. Scientists believe that the gases have led to global warming due to depletion of ozone layer. They attribute Human activities like deforestation and fossil combustion to increase of carbon dioxide emission while organic wastes and fossil fuel mining increases the release of methane which is affect negatively on ozone layer (Hardoy et al, 2001). Also Nitrogen fertilizers commonly used by farmers and release of refrigerant cfcs in factories increases nitrogen oxide and chlorofluorohydrocarbons gases respectively to the atmosphere (Hardoy et al, 2001). Over the years this gas has accumulated in the atmosphere bring adverse effect ranging from acid rains, climate change and depletion of the layer (Burroughs, 2001). Ozone layer is made up of ozone o3 molecules which three atoms of oxygen. It is located in the stratosphere portion of the atmosphere and it shields the harmful UV rays from the sun to reach the earth. Ozone layer depletion is the major cause of global warming and its effect such as Elevated temperature and weather extremes. Melting of ice as witnessed in the Polar Regions and flooding of major cities are clear indications of temperature elevations (Crowley, 2000). As human being competes to exhaust the precious resources around them they leave behind a serious environmental trauma which pauses danger not only to themselves but also to other living things (Hardoy et al, 2001). The environmental problems of the world today are much greater compared to last century when the damage was smaller. It is predicted that the situation will not reverse in near soon since the population is expanding and also the fact that human being have continued to stress for development without conservation of the environment (Broecker, 1995) In 2007 the panel consisting of the world leading scientist charged with the task of reviewing summarizing and validating the latest research concluded that the warming of the climate is clear. The panel attributed ninety percent of warming in the 50 s to green houses which are human creation. Other scientific reports have documented the specific impacts of warming including the melting down of the artic ice cap, shifting of the wildlife habitat, increased heat waves and wild fires. The United States of America is the global leading emitter of overall warming pollution. The emission is mainly through green houses and also burning of fossils. Their however not spared by the effects of the climate change as they experience glaciers, flooding of cities and intense storms in their backyard (Broecker, 1995) The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze climate change as one of the environmental issues and discuss the policy that united states have adopted in dealing with the issue. I wish to take the proactive side that indeed the climate change is being managed in the correct way in reducing its effects in the present and in the future. Important steps are being taken by various stakeholders in United States to contain the effects of climate change. In order to achieve reduction in large scale emissions as a necessary step to address climate change, there is need to adopt effective policies that stresses on shifting in the way the world uses and produces energy. Policy makers are treating the issue of climate change as an urgent one and are deploying currently available resources to reduce global warming pollution at all cost (Comiso, 2002) United States is now leading the way after years of inaction. The country now recognizes the need for effective environmental program for management of climate change which is perceived is a threat to environment and human beings in general. The climate policy which United States adopted is called cap-trade program. The plan requires the natural gas producers to purchase allowances for emissions from downstream gas consumers with less likelihood that the cost will be passed to consumers. Cap and trade program was designed in united states and also tested and proven by the Americans as a program within the clean air amendment of 1990. Its success as shown in the appendix 1, led to be crowned the green success story by the economist magazine. The program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several states Groups of states especially in the east and west coast are coming together to set up market place for electric facilities to buy and sell credits to release carbon dioxide among other gases which lead to global warming (NYT, 2002). In Chicago an emission trading allowance program have been launched which uses electricity utility in more than nine north eastern states. Western states on their side have teamed up with Canadian provinces to unveil yet another ambitious trading system which encompasses both industries and utilities . the plan aim at reducing greenhouse emissions by 15% within 12 years. Also a program to have a carbon trading market aiming to be running by 2010 is underway in Wisconsin, Illinois and other Midwestern states. I am optimistic that this program will go along way in reducing the emissions blamed for global warming and they will do so efficiently and less cheaply than regulatory program. New York merchantile first auction of emission allowance opened a new beginning in America response to change in climate, although reducing carbon dioxide is predicted to increase electric rates the cost will be lesser as compared to convectional regulation . to ensure protection of consumers. The program uses the cap and trade approach to realize proceeds that can be used to promote energy efficiency and conservation saving money for household (Houghton, 2004) Emission dealings began in 1990 and focused on reducing sulfur dioxide which causes the acid rain. The cap and trade program is preferred than the regulatory program since it is effective in cutting emissions quickly. In fact with the both McCain and Obama supporting the cap and trade program there is high likelihood of national trading program which will cover the whole country (Houghton, 2004). The problem related to this policy is that it will lead to fewer natural gas wells which may result to shortfall in production and over all reduction in supplies. High demand and low supply entails that prices will go high in order to meet the new climate goals. An eventual increase in consumer spending is likely and the price will also drive gas dependent industries abroad resulting to job losses (Hardoy, 2001) Conclusion The great scholars seem to agree that the world climate is changing and the earth is warmer than it was a century ago. Scientist attributes the global warming to human activities such as fossil burning and deforestation. An immediate step is required in the establishment of compulsory emission limits joined with a market based system that provide for a reduction in emission which is cost effective. Nevertheless to address the issue of climate change cannot succeed without involvement of united sates. The starting point is a program that will enable United States to substantially and permanently reduce their emission since they are the largest emitters of global warming pollution.There is need for quick enactment of energy policies which include more stern fuel efficiency regulations. Reference Broecker, W. C. (1995). The Glacial earth According to Wally. Eldigo Press, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Crowley, T. J. (2000). Origin of climate change over the past. UK: Cambridge University Press, Comiso, J. C. (2002). A rapidly declining permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic. London: Routledge press. New York Times (NYT) (2002, November 9). â€Å"Waters and dying lobsters and warming waters†. Times, 143, pp. 30-32 McIntosh & Roderick (2006). Atmosphere, History, and Human Action. New York: Columbia University Press, Burroughs, W. J. (2001, November 9). â€Å"Climate change† The Journal for Comparative Change, New York Times, Vol. 36-118-134. Hardoy et al, (2001). Global warming: multidisciplinary climatic approach. London: Arnold press. Houghton, J. T. (2004, May 22). Global warming: the Complete Briefing, 89-456-458 U. K: Cambridge University Press.

Student In Sweden Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Student In Sweden Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Student In Sweden Amerikas stater blev frenade 1787. Samma r bestmde man en constitution som alla skulle flja. dvs Presidenten och hur mycket makt han skulle ha, och folkrepresationen senaten och kongressen. Man bestmde efter mycket debatterande att presidenten skulle ha makt ver militren och ta hand om all utlandspolitik. Men Presidentens makt strcker sig lngt ut i vrlden. Han ses som vrldens mktigaste person med hela Amerikanska krigsmakten bakom sig, (den starkaste i vrlden)och USAs ekonomi r ocks den mest stabila och starkaste, och den pverkar resten av vrldens ekonomi. Som nu nr president valet fortfarande r ovisst s sjunker vrldens brser i vntan. Vad r det han gr d? Presidenten styr landet och kommer med lagfrslag och budgetfrslag som sen kongressen tar beslut om. Eftersom USA r en demokrati s styr Presidenten inte ensam landet, han har hjlp av sjlv valda ministrar, experter och rdgivare. Det r regeringen, men de ses endast som presidentens hjlpredor. Presidenten r ocks beroende av std ifrn kongressen och hgsta domstolen fr att f igenom sina frslag. Kongressen=riksdag Kongressen r folkets representant i Vita Huset. Den bestr av Senaten, i senaten finns tv representanter ifrn varje stat. Och representant huset som bestr av 435 platser som frdelas i val. Hgsta domstolen har en stabil makt position, den har kontroll ver lagar och upprtthller konstitutionens alla rttigheter. HD ser till att de politiska besluten fljer dem. Hgsta domstolen har nio domare, de utses p livstid av kongressen av frslag ifrn USA:s president. Den Amerikanska makten r uppdelad i tre, Presidenten. Kongressen och hgsta domstolen. Det amerikanska folket gillar balans och p detta stt balanseras makten och ingen kan missbruka den! Hur avstts en president d om han gr ngot dligt? Kongressen har endast makt att tala Presidenten fr riksrtt om han missbrukade sin makt. Man bestmde att fyra r skulle presidenten sitta i sin position, och mjligheten att bli omvald var tillltet. Fr att bli president mste kandidaten ha mest elektors rster. Man infrde elektors rster fr att ocks de sm staterna skulle ha ngon makt. Annars blev de bara upp till de stora staterna som t.ex. Texas och Florida vem som bestmde vem som blev president. De sm staterna har kanske 1 eller 2 elektors rster, medan Florida har hela 25. Det beror helt p folkmngden. Den av kandidaterna som fr flest rster i t.ex. Florida fr d 25 elektors rster. Det har ingenting med att gra hur mnga rster en kandidat fr av hela befolkningen, utan bara i staterna. De 50 frenta staterna bildar tillsammans ett slags frbund, en s kallad federation. Men varje delstat har nd egna lagar och en slags statsminister (guvernr). Demokrat eller Republikan ? Det finns tv stora partier i USA, Demokraterna och Republikanerna, demokraterna som r ett vnster parti och republikanerna ett hger. Fast till skillnad mot Sveriges flerparti system s gr den Amerikanska politiken inte s mycket ut p partier utan p parti kandidater. I USA r man mer personlig, man rstar inte p ett parti utan p en person. Bara fr att ett parti, t.ex republikanerna har maktposition i folkrepresentaionen plus en president s betyder det inte att alla tror p samma sak. Och man kan g emot det egna partiet. Det kan bero p att man kommer ifrn olika delar av landet och kanske stdjer de som kommer ifrn samma del. Personval r en stor del av det Amerikanska valen, det r ocks s med Senatorerna och kongressledamoterna. (Swedish==)

Should college dorms be separated between male and female Research Paper

Should college dorms be separated between male and female - Research Paper Example Promiscuity is another element which needs to be considered here, promiscuous men and women are ruining our society and the same can easily happen should men and women reside in the same dorm. Sexually transmitted diseases would spread should promiscuous men and women change partners on a regular basis and this would not be good for the others residing in the same dorm, there would be unrest and quarrel in the dorm should men and women reside in the same dorm. These are very valid points which need to be considered and these are very logical arguments too. There are positives also which must not be ignored; there are several advantages of sharing dorms. Men and women both live together in a society and staying together would certainly prepare them for the future and make them stronger emotionally. The real life experience that they would get by staying together would be second to none and they can learn a lot of things from each other but it can lead to a lot of quarrels also. It is important to consider the other side because every coin is two sided and it is highly unfair to ignore the other side. â€Å"Many students who live in coed dorms argue that its not that big of a deal. Dorm life is not one big college sex party. Male and female students have the same basic housing needs-- sleeping accommodations, a place to study, and companionship. Why separate people with the same needs? After all, students are adults.† (Coed Dorm Life) Having men around is always good as far as the safety of women is concerned but men also pose serious safety problems to women and many a time it becomes very difficult to handle aggressive males chasing women and this can be a very serious problem should men and women stay in the same dorm. â€Å"Coed dorms provide lots of dating opportunities. Unfortunately, dating someone in your dorm isnt necessarily a good idea. Its

MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MIS - Assignment Example One is able to follow through the procedure where the supply supplies the business goods and they are paid by the accounts clerk. On receiving the goods, the store is updated (ordered) and the good s available for sale can be sold to a customer. Note that the same location may be shown on successive processes (e.g. Order Clerk in the case of processes 1 and 3). The reason for breaking them down is to show that a decision is taken and the second process is dependent on that. In this case, for example, not ALL orders result in activation of the reorder process - only those where the order requires new stock to be ordered. When creating the DFD caution has to be excised when balancing the data flows. For instance once the store is out of stock, more goods are ordered then purchased. Similarly, numbering system is just a simple way that enables one to tell which processes decompose.It is important to note that those process that decompose are simply broken down but may be joined again at a higher level. Though the diagram does not give a detailed account of some other processes such as what would happen in the event that a credit check fails, it gives a general idea of what basically happens when transactions are made within the business